Biology PKU 11-19-10

PKU is Phenylketonuria.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare condition in which a baby is born without the ability to properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. Baby's with Phenylketonuria are missing an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme is needed to break down an essential amino acid called phenylalanine. Without the enzyme, levels of phenylalanine and two closely-related substances build up in the body. These substances are harmful to the central nervous system and cause brain damage.
 Symptoms:
Phenylketonuria is a part that helps to produce melanin in your body. The baby will have lighter skin tone, hair color and eye color than brothers or sisters without the disease. Other symptoms of phenylketonuria are delay in mental and social skills, head size significantly below normal, hyperactivity, jerking movements of the arms and legs, mental retardation, seizures, skin rashes, tremors, and unusual positioning of hands.
Its the lack of the substances but the build up of phenylketonuria.

The occurrence of PKU varies among ethnic groups and geographic regions worldwide. In the United States, PKU occurs in 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 newborns. Most cases of PKU are detected shortly after birth by newborn screening, and treatment is started promptly. Treatment involves a diet that is extremely low in phenylalanine, particularly when the child is growing. The diet must be strictly followed. This requires close supervision by a registered dietitian or doctor, and cooperation of the parent and child. Those who continue the diet into adulthood have better physical and mental health. “Diet for life” has become the standard recommended by most experts. This is especially important before conception and throughout pregnancy.

Cell Membrane and Difussion notes

 I didnt do to good on the test for diffusion so hopefully this will boost up my grade. :)
 

• Cholesterol not always bad helps when temperature changes to keep fluids in the body.
• Membrane- keeps things from going in and going out.
• Cell membrane choices what goes in or out. Doesnt matter how big or small it is, the cell membrane doesnt want it in it wont be in.

Functions of membrane proteins
Channel Proteins:
       -Tubular
      -Allow passages of molecules through membrane
Carrier Proteins:
        - Combine with subtance to be transported
        - Assist passage of molecules through membrane
Cell Recognition Proteins:
        - Provides unique chemical ID for cells
        - Help body recognize foreign substances
Receptor Proteins:
        - Past signals
        - Binds with messenger molecule
        - Causes cell to respond to message
Enzymatic Proteins
        - Carry out metabolic

Types of Transports: Active vs. Passive
Plasma membrane is differentially selectively permeable
        - Allows some material to pass
        - Inhibits passages of other materials
Passive Transport:
        - No ATP requirement- think of as energy
        - Molecules follow concentration gradient
Active Transport
        - Requires carrier protein
        - Requires energy in form of ATP

Diffusion

A solution consists of:
         - A solvent (liquid), and
         - A solute (dissolved solid)
Diffusion
         - Net movement of solute molecules down a concentration gradient = moving from high concentration to low concentration (moves all its parts to everywhere making low concentration)

Water surrounds particles to dissolve it. ----- Where ever there is more dissolved proteins water will follow.

Notes for lipids

The types of lipids are Fats, Olis, Phospholipids, Steroids, and Waxes. The organism uses for fats are long-term energy storage and thermal insulation in animals. The human uses are butter and lard.
The organism uses for olis are longterm energy storage in plants and their seeds. We use them for cooking olis. Phospholipids are used by organisms for component of plasma membrane and in humans for non-stick pan spray. Organism uses for steroids are component of plasma membrane and hormons. We use them for medicines. Waxes for organisms wear reisistance and retain water. In humans we use waxes for candles and polishes.
Triglycerides are fats. They have long term energy storage and have three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule. Olis are unsaturated fatty acid with double bonds. Phosopholipds are derived from triglycerides. Steroids skeletons is of four fused carbon rings. Waxes have a long chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol. They have a high melting point, water proof, and resistant to degradation.
Molecules self arrange when placed in water, the polar phosphates which are the heads are next to the water. The non-polar fatty acid which are the tails overlap and exclude water. They form double layer and make a sphere.

Molecules that are Polysaccharides are starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin. Some foods that have polysaccharides are cookies, orange juice, starch, kix and cheerios. Molecules that are Monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose. Foods that have monosaccharides are corn syrup and honey.