Enzyme Action Lab Graphs

This was out first day of the lab. We played around with how much drops of yeast we could put into the test tubes of peroxide and water. We wanted to find out how much yeast we could put in to make the pressure in the tube to increase making the rate go up.  

On the second day of the lab we tested temperature changes of the test tube and how it would affect the pressure of the tube. We started at cold water putting 30 drops of yeast into the tube and putting the tube in cold water. The cold water didn't have much of an affect to the peroxided and water. The next temperature was when we put the test tube in warm water, with the same amount of drops of yeast as the first one the rate of pressure was the most out of all the temperatures we used. it was at a 26.55. the next temperature was hot water the pressure went down. the highest amount of pressure was when it was in the middle at warm water temperature.

 

The third lab graph shows that the lower PH level there is the lower the rate of pressure is.

In the end i learned a lot about enzymes. I didn't  know that yeast would affect  peroxide and water or that the temperature of the test tub would change the pressure. i thought that maybe the higher it gets the higher the pressure but that wasnt the case of it. I had a lot of fun doing this lab and watching the top pop off of the test tube. 

Photosynthesis lab

Materials: beaker, snail, elodea plant, water, Bromothymol blue, a heat lamp, and a dark room.
1)
Step 1: Take the beaker fill it to 100 ML.
Step 2: Put 20 drops of BTB into the beaker
Step 3: Stir and write down results
Step 4: Clean out beaker.
Step 5: Put 100 ML of water into beaker
Step 6: Place aquarium snail in to beaker
Step 7: Put 20 drops of BTB into the beaker
Step 8: Let sit and writed down results
Step 9: Clean out beaker
Step 10: Put 100 ML of water into beaker
Step 11: Place elodea into beaker
Step 12: Put 20 drops of BTB into beaker
Step 13: Let sit under heat lamp and write down results
Step 14: Clean out beaker
Step 15: Put 100 ML of water into beaker
Step 16: Place both the aquarium snail and elodea into beaker
Step 17: Put 20 drops of BTB into the beaker
Step 18: Let sit under heat lamp for 3 hours and write results
Step 19: Clean out beaker
Step 20: Put 100 ML of water into beaker
Step 21: Place both the aquarium snail and elodea into beaker
Step 22: Put 20 drops of BTB into the beaker
Step 23: Leave in a dark room for 3 hours
Step 24: Come back and write down results.

2)
1. Water plus bromothymol blue is blue-green because BTB is a blue-green liquid which change to a yellow color in acid and back to blue-green when returned to a neutral pH.
2. Water plus bromothymol blue plus an aquarium snail turns yellow because animals respire, then carbon dioxide in water produces carbonic acid, and then the BTB that is a blue-green liquid which changes to a yellow color in acid and back to blue-green when returned to a neutral pH.
3. Water plus bromothymol blue plus elodea, an aquarium plant, is blue-green in light because green plants photosynthesize in the light and respire all the time, then carbon dioxide water produces carbonic acid, then BTB is a blue-green liquid which changes to a yellow color in acid and back to blue-green when returned to a neutral pH.
4. Water plus bromothymol blue plus a snail plus elodea is blue-green in light and yellow when left in the dark for three hours because the animals respire and the green plants photosynthesize in the light and respire all the time that leads to sugar plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide plus water and energy because of the animal and carbon dioxide plus water yields sugar and oxygen when chlorophyll and sunlight are present that's because of the plant. Both of those make carbon dioxide in water produces carbonic acid that leads to BTB is a blue-green liquid which changes to a yellow color in acid and back to blue-green when returned to neutral pH.

I understand the lab now and that each thing is just a step to the next and the next. 

Biology PKU 11-19-10

PKU is Phenylketonuria.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare condition in which a baby is born without the ability to properly break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. Baby's with Phenylketonuria are missing an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme is needed to break down an essential amino acid called phenylalanine. Without the enzyme, levels of phenylalanine and two closely-related substances build up in the body. These substances are harmful to the central nervous system and cause brain damage.
 Symptoms:
Phenylketonuria is a part that helps to produce melanin in your body. The baby will have lighter skin tone, hair color and eye color than brothers or sisters without the disease. Other symptoms of phenylketonuria are delay in mental and social skills, head size significantly below normal, hyperactivity, jerking movements of the arms and legs, mental retardation, seizures, skin rashes, tremors, and unusual positioning of hands.
Its the lack of the substances but the build up of phenylketonuria.

The occurrence of PKU varies among ethnic groups and geographic regions worldwide. In the United States, PKU occurs in 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 newborns. Most cases of PKU are detected shortly after birth by newborn screening, and treatment is started promptly. Treatment involves a diet that is extremely low in phenylalanine, particularly when the child is growing. The diet must be strictly followed. This requires close supervision by a registered dietitian or doctor, and cooperation of the parent and child. Those who continue the diet into adulthood have better physical and mental health. “Diet for life” has become the standard recommended by most experts. This is especially important before conception and throughout pregnancy.

Cell Membrane and Difussion notes

 I didnt do to good on the test for diffusion so hopefully this will boost up my grade. :)
 

• Cholesterol not always bad helps when temperature changes to keep fluids in the body.
• Membrane- keeps things from going in and going out.
• Cell membrane choices what goes in or out. Doesnt matter how big or small it is, the cell membrane doesnt want it in it wont be in.

Functions of membrane proteins
Channel Proteins:
       -Tubular
      -Allow passages of molecules through membrane
Carrier Proteins:
        - Combine with subtance to be transported
        - Assist passage of molecules through membrane
Cell Recognition Proteins:
        - Provides unique chemical ID for cells
        - Help body recognize foreign substances
Receptor Proteins:
        - Past signals
        - Binds with messenger molecule
        - Causes cell to respond to message
Enzymatic Proteins
        - Carry out metabolic

Types of Transports: Active vs. Passive
Plasma membrane is differentially selectively permeable
        - Allows some material to pass
        - Inhibits passages of other materials
Passive Transport:
        - No ATP requirement- think of as energy
        - Molecules follow concentration gradient
Active Transport
        - Requires carrier protein
        - Requires energy in form of ATP

Diffusion

A solution consists of:
         - A solvent (liquid), and
         - A solute (dissolved solid)
Diffusion
         - Net movement of solute molecules down a concentration gradient = moving from high concentration to low concentration (moves all its parts to everywhere making low concentration)

Water surrounds particles to dissolve it. ----- Where ever there is more dissolved proteins water will follow.

Notes for lipids

The types of lipids are Fats, Olis, Phospholipids, Steroids, and Waxes. The organism uses for fats are long-term energy storage and thermal insulation in animals. The human uses are butter and lard.
The organism uses for olis are longterm energy storage in plants and their seeds. We use them for cooking olis. Phospholipids are used by organisms for component of plasma membrane and in humans for non-stick pan spray. Organism uses for steroids are component of plasma membrane and hormons. We use them for medicines. Waxes for organisms wear reisistance and retain water. In humans we use waxes for candles and polishes.
Triglycerides are fats. They have long term energy storage and have three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule. Olis are unsaturated fatty acid with double bonds. Phosopholipds are derived from triglycerides. Steroids skeletons is of four fused carbon rings. Waxes have a long chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol. They have a high melting point, water proof, and resistant to degradation.
Molecules self arrange when placed in water, the polar phosphates which are the heads are next to the water. The non-polar fatty acid which are the tails overlap and exclude water. They form double layer and make a sphere.

Molecules that are Polysaccharides are starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin. Some foods that have polysaccharides are cookies, orange juice, starch, kix and cheerios. Molecules that are Monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose. Foods that have monosaccharides are corn syrup and honey.
 

Antacid lab results

It was really fun doing this experiment. I wish there would have been more of a change in all of the different types of antacids but it was still neat to see what change there was. We learned that all the different types of tablets antacids, the brand name and the generic, all worked equally as good. But the liquid antacid worked the least.

Water Research Article Summary

http://www.futurity.org/science-technology/dead-simple-way-to-see-atomic-structure/

‘Dead simple’ way to see atomic structure

James Heath a professor at Cal-tech and colleagues made a great discovery by accident when they were studying graphene on an atomically flat surface of mica and found nanoscal island-shaped structures trapped between the graphene. They didnt expect to see the mica. Its had to study water coating because the water is always moving so they cant get measurements. They found out that water was what was captured under the graphene. They realized that the graphene was grabbing the water molecules tightly so that it couldnt move. By doing this they could see detailed atomic structure of the water molecules, useing an atomic force microscopy. When they used this technique they found out that the first layer of water on mica is actually two water molecule thick and has the structure of ice. Now they are trying to determine the stuctures of other molecules using this.


Self evaluation: I think this is interesting, it is kind of hard for me to understand it all but I get it. I think this is great because now they can learn even more and discover more, and more new things about molecules. It shows how much we dont know yet but are trying to learn.

today in class 9-28-10

Today in class we had a fun experiment where we separated carbohydrates of sugar. We put sugar into a beaker then we poured sulfuric acid on top of the sugar and stirred it all together. At the beginning it started to change color and then it began to bubble and steam then boil over the beaker. I learned what it would be like to break down atoms to get them to be by them self. It got bigger because they were no longer compacted into one thing they were all separated. What I'm not so sure about is how the sulfuric acid can do that to the sugar.

antacid lab

How do antacids work?

Antacids work by neutralizing acid and coating the stomach. The opposite of an acid is a base, and that's what antacid is. Antacids make you feel better by increasing the pH balance in your stomach. The ph is a scale for measuring the acidity or the base of a given environment. The scale goes from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 s neutral. Anything below 7 is an acid and anything above 7 is a base. For the antacid to work all it has to do is get you to a 3 or 4, it does this by neutralizing some of the extra acid.

Acids= taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmas red, and become less acidic when mixed with bases.

Bases= feel slippery, change litmus blue, and become less basic when mixed with acids.

antacid lab

Acids taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmus (a dye extracted from lichens) red, and become less acidic when mixed with bases.
Bases feel slippery, change litmus blue, and become less basic when mixed with acids.

 Antacids work by neutralizing acid and coating the stomach.

The opposite of an acid is a base, and that's exactly what an antacid is.

 Antacids make you feel better by increasing the pH balance in your stomach. The pH system is a scale for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a given environment (in this case, your stomach). The scale goes from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. Below 7 is acid. Above 7 is alkaline.

 

Normally, the acid level in your stomach is about 2 or 3. Trouble may start when your pH drops below those numbers. To make you feel better, an antacid need not bring the pH level all the way up to 7 (neutral), which would be a highly unnatural state for your stomach. In order to work, all the antacid has to do is get you to 3 or 4. It does this by neutralizing some of the excess acid.

 

Due to several complex factors, a base can't neutralize your acid all by itself. A base needs some chemical "helpers," or ingredients, to accompany it as it neutralizes the acid in your stomach.

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are experiments in where new treatments or diagnostic methods are test in people to see whether or not the new drug will work with them the way it's supposed to. They do it so that neither the patient or the doctors giving the treatments know if it is the real drug or if it is just a placebo pill (sugar pill). This is called double blind because two parties don't know but there is always a third party that will know whether or not the drug has worked or not. The reason they test these experimental drugs, vaccines, and other types or therapy with double blindness is so that it is unbiased. It needs to be unbiased so that the company making the drugs can't say that it really helped someone when it didn't.